Psychoanalytic and Phenomenological Explanations of...

Individuals personalities and overall quality of living are significantly influenced by several interrelated sources ranging from ones upbringing and quality of relationships to their own feelings of self-esteem and worth. Though this may seem relatively easy and un-complex, countless people today are engaged in persistent antisocial, criminal behavior, and seem unable to find an alternative, legal, means of living. While many have tried to explain such behavior through various theories, the causes of criminal activity remain to be satisfactorily clarified. Essentially, antisocial criminal activity has two aspects to it. Antisocial behavior is that in which one shuns society and others, while criminal activity is the act of†¦show more content†¦First there is the conscious, which consists of the things people are constantly aware of. Next is the preconscious, which stores information that can be triggered into consciousness. Then exists the unconscious, where the insti ncts and information that people are unaware of exist. The majority of ones actions are controlled by the unconscious with little influence by the conscious. Problems arise when the conscious and unconscious mind are in conflict. As a result, anxiety occurs, and, as Freud said, people focus on releasing this tension through the use of defense mechanisms (Pervin, Cervone, John, 2005). All of the above mentioned facets of the psychoanalytic theory will help provide an explanation as to why people engage in antisocial criminal behavior. Clearly, according to the psychoanalytic theory, most of ones behavior is motivated by unconscious influences and one of the key goals in life is to avoid pain and anxiety. In order to accomplish this, humans employ the use of defense mechanisms. The main defense mechanism in psychoanalytic theory is repression, which is where a thought or feeling that will lead to tension and anxiety is kept out of ones consciousness (Pervin et al, 2005). Therefore, feelings such as hostility and sexual frustration may be repressed into the unconscious. However, the theory emphasizes the motivated unconscious, which means that even though a thought or feelingShow MoreRelatedOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesobsessive–compulsive disorders (OCD). The possibility that a greater emphasis on cognitive factors might enhance a behavioral account of OCD can be traced back to Carr (1974), McFall and Wollersheim (1979), Rachman and Hodgson (1980), and Salkovskis (1985) . Behavior therapy in the form of exposure and response prevention (ERP), which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, proved to be a highly effective treatment for many forms of OCD. Behavioral research on obsessions and compulsions offered new insights into the

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The Beginning Of World War One - 1703 Words

The year 1914 brought with it the beginning of World War One, a profound war lasting a remarkable four years of relentless battles, bombings, and killings. It may be hard to conceive, but before the war officially broke out on July 28, 1914, Europe had been in the midst of a peaceful period that had lasted almost a century. The Great War did not end until November 11 of 1918. The Allies, initially consisting of England, France, and Russia, fought against the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary; however, the two opposing sides were soon reorganized because more countries joined the fight. Ultimately, the Allies were joined by the United States, Japan, and Italy, while the Central Powers were joined by the Bulgaria and Ottoman†¦show more content†¦Within a period of four years, several technological advances were made in aviation due to the fact that combatants actively participating in the war sought air superiority and they desperately wanted to stay one step ahead of each other. Aeroplanes Their First Use In The Military Many had misjudged the duration of WW1; no one had expected that the war would drag on for four long years, both the Allies and the Central Powers encountered pressures from each other, forcing them to innovate and adapt to newer challenges. One of these adaptations was the use of aircraft. Due to the unanticipated lengthiness of the war, the infantries of both sides reached a stalemate, for ground forces were equally matched in terms of intelligence and weapons—not too mention trench warfare was not the most effective or quickest way to fight the war. In spite of this, for either side to gain the upper hand, they would need a better form of gathering information of the movement of the enemy. Even before the war, tethered observation balloons had been in use by the army in order to provide better vantage points, but this soon proved to be an insufficient source of information once the war began because the balloons were easily shot down. For this reason, commanders seeking advantage turned to aircraft. Eleven years had passed since the Wright brothers had invented and flown the first successful

Philosophy Davide Hume Essay Example For Students

Philosophy Davide Hume Essay Humes LifeDavid Hume was the son of a minor Scottish landowner. His family wanted him to become a lawyer, but he felt an insurmountable resistance to everything but philosophy and learning. Mr. Hume attended Edinburgh University, and in 1734 he moved to a French town called La Fleche to pursue philosophy. He later returned to Britain and began his literary career. As Hume built up his reputation, he gained more and more political power. Humes PhilosophyHUMES WRITINGS In 1742, Hume wrote Essays Moral and Political. Then in 1748, he wrote An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and An Enquiry Concerning the Principals of Morals. WORKS ON INTERNET: ? Go HERE for a list of electronically available works of hume. ? Go HERE For a bigger list. HUMES BELIEFS Hume believed that all knowledge came from experience. He also believed that a persons experiences existed only in the persons mind. Hume believed that there was a world outside of human conscience, but he did not think this could be p roved. Hume grouped perceptions and experiences into one of two categories: impressions and ideas. Ideas are memories of sensations claimed Hume, but impressions are the cause of the sensation. In other words, an impression is part of a temporary feeling, but an idea is the permanent impact of this feeling. Hume believed that ideas were just dull imitations of impressons. Hume also attacked the idea of casualty. This idea states that for all effects there is a cause. Hume said that even though the cause preceded the effect, there is no proof that the cause is responsible for the effects occurence. Mr. Hume was a firm believer that the human mind invented nothing. Instead, he claimed, the human mind takes simple ideas, and turns them into complex ideas. A simple example of this is the idea of an angel. Angels are human figures with wings. What Hume claimed that an angel is formed of two simple ideas, the human figure and wings. A more complicated example of this is heaven. When we at tempt to break down the concept of heaven into simple ideas, we are left with things such as pearly gates, angels, and golden palaces. But these are all complex ideas as well (pearls+gates, gold+palaces), so it could be said that heaven is a complex idea formed by other complex ideas. The complex ideas that form it, however, are all made up of simple ideasHume, David (1711-1776), Scottish historian and philosopher, who influenced the development of skepticism and empiricism, two schools of philosophy. Born in Edinburgh, Hume was educated at the University of Edinburgh, which he entered at the age of 12. From 1734 to 1737 he wrote his most important philosophical work, A Treatise of Human Nature (3 volumes, published 1739-1740), which contains the essence of his thinking. In spite of its importance, this work was ignored by the public, probably because of its complex style. From 1762 to 1765 Hume served as secretary to the British ambassador in Paris. There he formed a friendship wit h French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau, which later dissolved after public denunciations between the two men. We will write a custom essay on Philosophy Davide Hume specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Humes philosophical position was that reason and rational judgments are merely habitual associations of distinct sensations or experiences. In a revolutionary step, he rejected the basic idea of causation, maintaining that reason can never show us the connexion of one object with another, tho aided by experience, and the observation of their conjunction in all past instances. His arguments called into question the fundamental laws of science, which are based on the premise that one event necessarily causes another and predictably always will. According to Humes philosophy, therefore, knowledge of matters of fact is impossible, although as a practical matter he freely acknowledged that people had to think in terms of cause and effect and had to assume the validity of their perceptions, or they would go mad. .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 , .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 .postImageUrl , .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 , .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8:hover , .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8:visited , .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8:active { border:0!important; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8:active , .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8 .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a618e944b4a6e2849f70df0b81fb9b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christianity and HIV EssayDavid Hume, who has been described as the most acute thinker in Britain in the eighteenth century, was born in Edinburgh. His intellectual powers were recognised with the publication of his Essays, Moral and Political in two volumes in 1741 and 1742. Employed as librarian to the Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh, he wrote a six- volume History of England which was extremely popular and admired for its elegant and lucid style. It placed him in the first rank of historians. In France in 1763, Hume found himself lionised in the salons of Paris, honoured by royalty and regarded as a leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment. Good natured, an engagi ng mix of simplicity and shrewdness, Hume was on friendly terms with virtually everyone. His free-thinking did, however, scandalise some: it is recorded that a devout old woman, having found the corpulent philosopher hopelessly stuck in some deep mud, agreed to extricate the great man only if he recited the Apostles Creed and the Lords Prayer. Hume, who never married, had several homes in Edinburgh, the last of them in what is today St David Street. His tomb is in the Old Calton, Waterloo Place. Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He studied law at Edinburgh, and in 1734 went to La Fleche in Anjou, where he wrote his masterpiece, A Treatise of Human Nature (1740). He extended the empiricist ideas of Locke and Berkeley. Hume developed a philosophy of radical scepticism. He repudiated the possibility of certain knowledge, maintaining that what we know is based solely on a series of sensations, and that all deductions from experience were the result of habit, not of logical conclusio n. Later he wrote several essays on Moral, Politics and Religion, and a six-volume History of England (175462). His views inspired Kant to argue for the inadequacy of empiricism. Empiricism = knowledge by experience. 1711-76, Scottish philosopher and historian. Hume carried the EMPIRICISM of LOCKE and George BERKELEY to the logical extreme of radical SKEPTICISM. He repudiated the possibility of certain knowledge, finding in the mind nothing but a series of sensations, and held that cause-and-effect in the natural world derives solely from the conjunction of two impressions. Humes skepticism is also evident in his writings on religion, in which he rejected any rational or natural theology. Besides his chief work, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), he wrote Political Discourses (1752), The Natural History of Religion (1755), and a History of England (1754-62) that was, despite errors of fact, the standard work for many years.